Amos and Hosea Essay Example for Free

Amos and Hosea EssayAmos was a Judean who believed he was commissioned by Yahweh to address his words to Israel, However Hosea was a native Israelite. With these two men was the custom of recording oracles which appear to stomach begun, for if the words of their prophetic predecessors were preserved in a written form, then they would have long since been lost to us all. Within a few years, prophets sharing similar concerns with Amos and Hosea began to be active in Judah and their words too, were preserved. II Kings 15 and Amos 1-9Amos stood in judgment of moral and ethical evil but, unlike them, he did not limit himself to single issues or to individual situations, but dealt with the decline of Yahwism and human carriage in all levels of society. Cities he mentions), patterns of cause and effect (33 ff.), and Israelite cult practices. His vivid imagery, drawn from nature, suggests an intelligent observer capable of relating his insights and experiences in powerful terminology. peradventure the very simplicity of his life caused him to be shocked at the extravagances of the rich and the terrible poverty and helplessness of those who were the prey of the powerful.The luxury of summer and winter palaces as opposed to the hovels of the poor, the greedy demand of the very rich contrasted with the cry for justice and equity of the underprivileged drove him to harsh pronouncements against powerful, smug, content men and women, priests and king. The thrust of Amos cuss is against the division of life into compartments.He argues for unity. What a man does in the market place, in the Court of law or, in his dealings with others cannot be walled off from worship. Yahweh is a God of all people therefore the dealings of man with man are directly related to the dealings of God with man. His is a cry for the reference of mans moral responsibility before God. But let justice roll down like watersand righteousness like an Overflowing stream. Amos 524AMOS RELIGIOUS CON CEPTSAmos beliefs concerning Yahweh and divine-human relationships were similar. Yahweh the creator, the God of hosts Amos never speaks of Yahweh as God of Israel), or possessed power over nature and nations. Despite the unrealistic emphasis, Yahwehs particular concern was Israel, the chosen orelected people, Amos emphasized Yahwehs action in history in bringing the Hebrews to nationhood and greatness, and pointed out that the continuance of power and security rested in Yahweh.

Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Early childishness Education EssayChildren be our future. This explains to you, the reader, why I chose to dive into the race path of Early Childhood Education. In this essay I will explain to you what the job of an early Childhood original is, what training they need and what standards they be expected to maintain. These are all master(prenominal) facts in becoming an Early Childhood professional. First of all, what is the job of an Early Childhood professional? Well, their job is to keep the growth of children, support families, and work closely with coworkers. Their work with children begins before the first child arrives, and continues until after the last child leaves. Early Childhood educators spend a lot of time with not only the children, but with the families of the children. The book, Who Am I in the Lives of Children states that young children cannot be separated from the context of their homes, so relating to and working with families is an master(prenominal) part of the role of the Early Childhood educator. If your not a people person, this job may not be for you.Educators provide a safe and ready environment for the children, allowing them to grow and blossom into an independent child, with a personality of their own. Early Childhood education may take a number of faces including family childcare providers and nannies, teacher aides or teacher assistants, assistant teachers or assistant care givers, teachers or care givers, master teachers or head teachers and lastly, directors. Members of this field share a mission, commitment and set of values. Also, they have agreed on standards, in the form of a code of ethics.In one single day, an Early Childhood professional may function as a teacher, friend, secretary, parent, colleague, nurse, janitor, counselor, entertainer, and a diplomat. Second of all, what training are Early Childhood professionals expected to have? Well, paraphrasing from the book, Who Am I in the Lives of Children, th e training and experience required will be determined by program licensing. Requirements vary from state to state. In some states being in broad(a) health and having a diploma are all that is necessary.Most states require that teachers and care givers in center based programs be qualified for their jobs through training, either by having a college degree, or a CDA credential(Child Development Associate). From what I know you need approximately 12 units of ECE training to go into the field of Early Childhood education. Lastly, what standards are Early Childhood professionals expected to maintain? I think the core values of early childhood education are very important to maintain. These core values areappreciating childhood as a unique a valuable stage of the human life cycle basing our work with children on knowledge of child development appreciating and supporting the close ties between the child and the family recognizing that children are best understood in the context of family , culture and society Respecting the dignity, worthy and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member and colleague) Helping children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust, respect and authoritative reguard.The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct is also important is the field of Early Childhood education. (A copy of the code is found in the appendix of, Who Am I in the Lives of Children) These two things are important because young children are vulnerable and lack the power to defend themselves. In conclusion, when people say that you just babysit kids they are wrong. Being an Early Childhood professional is a very important job. You are helping shape and raise our futures leaders.

Sources of Government Revenue in South Africa

Sources of Goernment tax tax income enhancement in south AfricaTopicDescribe and explain openings of revenue for subject area, provincial and local spheres of giving medication in southerly Africa. What argon some of the shipway in which authorities has promoted the provincial and local spheres to experience additional sources of revenue to address the growing postulate of communities? interpolationRevenue for South Africa is a massive task due to the corruption taking place. , exclusively 3 spheres of government must work together to head corruption. Since 2012 an anti corruption team has been set up to solve this issue. This assignment will focus on ways the government tries to encourage separate speheres to generate their own income.In a more specific detail this assignment will focus on ways internal government promote ways to generate income for provincial and local government. This is not an easy task and thusly the ch totallyenges is in like manner a main concern and will outline the challenges and possible solutions to quash this.Solutions will be outlined in a detailed way to overcome the issues we are facing , the definitions of the terms as well as the deduction of the Study. This assignment will conclude the information gathered and what steps needs to be taking to achieve greater results.How does national government get income?Taxes peaceful are the main source of revenue of national government. 97,1% of revenue of national government was collected as value. The main sources of tax for national government are taxes paid by individuals, taxes paid by businesses, value added tax and excises(statssa.gov) Taxes on income, profits and capital gains are attributed either to individuals or to businesses. These taxes are generally levied on wages, salaries, other compensation, interest, rent, capital gains, profits of businesses, and taxable portions of pension.The first type of tax and income for the government is Value-added tax (VAT) .VAT is a tax on goods and function collected in stages by enterprises but which is ultimately charged in full to the final purchaser. VAT is usually charged at 14% on consumers final goods and is included in the price you pay for most items such(prenominal)(prenominal) as food items , petrol ,etc. the second type of tax collected by the government is excises tax. Excises are taxes levied on particular products and may be imposed at any stage of production or distribution. Excise duties are imposed mostly on high-volume day-by-day consumable products (e.g. alcohol and tobacco products) as well as certain non-essential or luxury items (e.g. electronic equipment and cosmetics).Administrative fees are in any case another income for government . administration fees are similar to riding habitr charges, but differ in the sense that the service (or benefit) received in return for the fee is defined alternatively broadly and imprecisely.Such fees include business licences, telev ision licences, diamond export rights, fishing licences, and motor vehicle licences. The dreaded parking ticket and speeding fine sub construction in any case be added to the list. Administrative fees and fines are insignificant sources of revenue.South Africas major source of income is borrowing and taking loans from other countries to sustain the economy and the needs of the citizens Government can borrow from its own citizens and from abroad. Borrowing is very much used to finance capital expenditure. Borrowed funds must be repaid at some lodge and therefore amount to deferred taxes. Because lenders welcome to be adequately compensated for current consumption forgone, it is imperative that borrowed money should be spent on productive activities. sometimes government uses borrowed fundsto finance current consumption, a practice that cannot always be defended on economic grounds.Classification of taxesThere are two types of taxes such as direct and indirect. below are the two types of taxes discussed and defined.Direct TaxationDirect taxes are imposed directly on individuals and companies (e.g. personal incometax and caller tax). This distinction fundamentally revolves around the issue of tax incidence(i.e. the question of who really pays the tax). It would suffice to say that we simply cannot tell with certainty in shape up what the outcome is going to be. The second type of tax is Indirect taxes .indirect taxes are taxes which are likely to be shifted and are imposed on commodities or commercialise transactions. Examples are excise ditties and fuel levies. It is excessively more difficult to adjust the tax rate to the personal circumstances of the consumer. In thecase of indirect taxes it is often possible to shift the burden of the tax to someone else.There are various types of taxes which government collects revenue from. A primary source of wealth tax for the government is place tax. The property tax base can be defined very broadly to include real property (realty) and personal property (e.g. furniture, motor vehicles, shares, bonds, and bank deposits). Another important tax is the capital gains tax. Capital gains can be defined as increases in the net value of assets over a period (e.g.an accounting period or fiscal year).the most popular type of tax is the wealth tax .Income and consumption are be given concepts since both are measured over a period of time. Income consists of wages, rental income from property, interest on savings, dividends on shares, and so on. In contrast to income, wealth is a stock concept which is measured at a particular point in time. cultivates and laws pertaining to national government revenueThe main act with regard to national revenue is the Public finance management act.The Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act No. 1 of 1999) (as amended by Act No. 29 of 1999) The Act promotes the objective of good financial management in order to maximise service delivery through the effective and ef ficient use of the especial(a) resources and focuses chiefly on national and provincial spheres of government.(treasury.gov.za). the second and one of the most discussed about act is the content Revenue Fund . There is a National Revenue Fund into which all money received by the national government must be paid, except money reasonably excluded by an Act of Parliament. (sa constitution)How does the National cipher effect other speheres of governmentThe national budget plays a major role . each year the budget gets less for the community for goods and services. Our naked as a jaybird budget speech , more money will be spent on eskom rather than other essential needs of the community . with a limited budget , revenue will be hard to receive for other spheres and thus consume to generate their own incomeHow provincial government gets revenueProvinces have little revenue of their own but there is a process governed by the Division of Revenue Act as amended which enables a comman d to be used so that obligations receive shares of revenue collected nationally. Provinces then have some discretion as to allocation of what they receive. government research in 2008 showed that Mpumalanga spent a lower percentage on health than did Western Cape as an example. The needs for the community is growing and with a limited budget and corruption in national government revenue for obligations becomes less each year. President zuma has now given more funds to eskom to settle the energy crisis thus making it less for other departments.(SONA).The only way now for provincial government to provide services is to get back to basics. In a fresh interview with our provincial mayor, getting back to basics is a must.(daily news) . Kwa zulu natal relays mainly with tourism. 2014 has had the most tourism compared to any other year. Also each province relays on own source of revenue such as provincial taxes and fee ,license and fines. A government may expose taxes other than income tax ,etc. Durban also has one of the biggest harbours in the world and receives a lot from custom tax. Johanessburg has the biggest international airport in Africa also benefits a lot from foreigners for tourism. National government is also aiding provinces with grants due to the service deliver protest.Provinces still have little revenue of their own and are highly dependent on the national sources. It is fortunate that this is governed by legislation. The national government cannot discriminate against opposition controlled provinces such as WC now and KZN previously. There are also joint meetings among provinces and national government which typeface at issues like resource allocation.How does national government encourage revenue for provincial sphereOne of the main ways provinces gets a share from national is the Financial and Fiscal Commission (FFC). The FFC is an independent body that is set up under the temper to advise government on the portion of revenue that should go to provincial and local government to subsidise services for poor people. But these funding are not adequate ,thus the provinces have to generate own source of income . generating income is not an easy task for the provinces as the unemployment rate is rising each year and citizens dont have enough buying power or to support any fund raising activities.South Africa is known for the variety of sports we play and throughout the year there is various international and local events happening. apiece province generate income through sports , generating income from the citizens via the sales of tickets ,etc. cricket ,soccer and rugby are the main sports in south Africa with a huge support of fans. South Africa is shortly in the bid for the 2022 common wealth games which is to take place in Durban . This can contribute to a even higher revenue for that year for the province as over 20 countries participate in these games with tourism for all over the world.Conferences is also taking place in south Africa and Durban ICC remains positive, new destinations and Convention Centres are being developed throughout the world, which will result in even greater competition for conferences and events in the future. Each province also has a main attraction and highlight to attract visitors , example Durban has the beautiful beaches , ushaka marine world and a diverse of cultures. Cape town has robben island , table potful and the beautiful scenery. Johannesburg is the hub for film and tv casting , with tall skyscrapers and movie studios , as well as theme parks , shopping malls , and best airport in Africa.Laws and policies pertaining to provincial sphere to promote revenue and to provide services.One of the main laws which was recently passed was the Inter-governmental Relations Framework Act. It was passed to make sure that the principles in Chapter Three of the Constitution on cooperative government are use. The Act seeks to set up mechanisms to coordinate the work of all s pheres of government in providing services, alleviating poverty and promoting development. (etu.org.za) Another structure in place is the Provincial Inter-governmental Structures. This act is about the relationships between the three spheres of government The Premier in each province is responsible for coordinating relationships between national, provincial and local government in the province. A Premiers Inter-governmental Forum consists of the Premier, the local government MEC, other MECs, Metro and other mayors. (etu.org.za).National government also contributes by new laws which makes new business to open easier and funding if you follow the BBBEE, Act, 2013 (Act No. 46 of 2013). Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) is a specific government policy to advance economic transformation and enhance the economic participation of black people in the South African economy.(seda.org.za)How local government gets revenuemunicipalities get their revenue from three sources. First, they raise some of their own revenue by charging all people who own property such as land, houses and businesses evaluate based on the value of their property. The second way they raise revenue is by charging tariffs for services like water, electricity, refuse removal and the use of municipal facilities such as sports grounds. Some municipalities can generate a lot of revenue in this way, while poorer municipalities raise virtually nothing and are almost entirely dependent on funding transfers from national government, which is the third source of revenue for municipalities. municipalities also receive funding from national government in the form of qualified grants . (localgovernmentaction.org)Challenges for local governmentLocal government relays more on taxes. There has been many challenges regarding taxes as more than 50 percent of south Africa lives in light settlements and dont pay taxes.In the past, municipalities have not spent all the money allocated to them through th is grant due to a lack of capacity and the misdirection of funds. During the 2010/11 financial year, for example, 272 municipalities in South Africa did not spend a quarter of what was available to them and some of this money had to be returned to Treasury. This has most certainly contributed to the easy pace at which municipalities are providing infrastructure for services. (localgovernmentaction.org)Although funding from national and provincial government are given to local government , many ward municipal managers do not do their jobs to monitor and evaluate the needs for the community thus from above funds was given back to the treasury.How does national government encourage revenue for local sphereNational government encourages various ways to get income. First they offer many incentives in the form of money. These usually chance if they follow the BBBEE procedure. Secondly , fund raising take place , many NGOS often have fund raising schemes to help support a innocent cour se or to fund problems in the area. NGOs play a vital role and a big help to the government for providing goods and services to the community. Examples of NGOS are feed the babies fund, and NORSA. Municipalities with the most clean audits also gets rewards.The link between national sphere , provincial sphere and local sphereThe different spheres of government depend on each other for support in project implementation, and regular communication is essential. For example, when a municipality proposes the development of a new township in its incorporate Development Plan, health and education services have to be provided by provincial government. Water services have to be provided by national government, and finances for housing development have to be transferred from national to provincial government from where it goes to the housing developers approved by the municipality.Laws and policies pertaining to local sphere to promote revenue and to provide services.The first act is the Muni cipal systems act 32 of 2000 . It is a Framework for planning, performance management system, effective use of resources and organisational change. , it also provides Core principles and mechanisms and processes necessary for community participation. Chapter 4 of the Act deals with community participation and define the need for the development of community participation. Another act which relates to this is the Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003. This act regulates budget and financial management practices in municipalities and Helps to maximise the capacity of municipalities to deliver services to all communities. compound development plan (IDP)The IDP is a 5 year plan by the government to eridacte poverty and to create jobs . Every municipality has to draw up an Integrated Development Plan (IDP). An Integrated Development Plan is a super plan for an area that gives an overall framework for development. It aims to co-ordinate the work of local and other spheres of governm ent in a coherent plan to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area. It should take into account the lively conditions and problems and resources available for development. The plan should look at economic and social development for the area as a wholeConclusionFrom the above discussion all spheres of government must work together to achieve greater results. They need to be inter related and distinctive. All the steps and polices must be implemented to achieve best results and a corruption free society and country. The national budget as we learnt also plays a vital role in the revenue for all 3 spheres of government.Ward councillors and mayors have a big task to maintain and improve conditions for society. There are many challenges which all spheres need to overcome in order to maintain a good service delivery to the communityReference pagewebsitesPolity.org.za,. Local Government Municipal Finance Management Act (No. 56 Of 2003). N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 201 5Acts.co.za,. Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003 (Act No. 56 Of 2003). N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.Etu.org.za,. Inter-Governmental Relations And Planning In Government. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.Parliament.gov.za,. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.Mogalecity.gov.za,. Mogale City. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.Tshwane.gov.za,. Home. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.Localgovernmentaction.org,. Municipal Budget Local Government Action. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2015.Booksmoeti, kabelo. Public Finance Fundementals. 2nd ed. cape town juta co, 2014. Print.Introduction to local government , 2nd ed. Cape town jutaJournalsk, phago. Democracy In South Africa. Journal of Public Administration vol 49.3 (2014) n. pag. Print.Politeia Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa 0256-8845Africanus Department of Development Administration and Politics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa 0304-615X

Impact of ICT on Accounting

Impact of ICT on AccountingEffectofICT in the Accounting Records Keeping and how ICT features in todays organization in sierra Leone1.Introduction instruction and communication technology (ICT) connectivity (PCs and Internet) is very widespread in businesses of all sizes in Sierra Leone. As is the case with all technologies, small businesses ar slower than sizeable ones to suck in new ICTs. Potential small business benefits and plastered and sector-specific strategies drive the adoption and employment of ICTs. Further much, sectors are increasingly global and dominated by big firms and the structure of their values chains and operations shape opportunities for small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Principal reasons for non-adoption are lack of applicability and little incentive to deepen business models when re work ons are unclear. SMEs in any case face generic barriers to adoption including trust and transaction security and IPR concerns, and challenges in areas of mana gement skills, technological capabilities, yieldivity and competitiveness. The issues for governments are to surrogate appropriate business environments for e-business and ICT up take a leak (e.g. Sierratel to diffuse broadband, enhance ambition), and target programmes to overcome market failures to the extent that they are needed in particular areas (e.g. Skill formation, specialise information).Advancement in technology has affected the way things are through in various domains. Accounting is no exception. The traditional books are being replaced by computers. Accounting staff are required to be computer literate and spend more time in front of a computer screen out than writing on papers and in books.Information and communication technology (ICT) and e-business applications provide many benefits across a wide range of intra- and inter-firm business processes and transactions. ICT applications alter information and knowledge management inside the firm and smoke reduce transa ction costs and make up the speed and reliability of transactions for both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. In addition, they are effective tools for improving external communications and quality of services for established and new customers.For small firms to adopt e-business and e-commerce strategies and tools, benefits must outweigh investment and keep costs. Commercial considerations and potential returns drive adoption. Beyond a certain level of connectivity (PC, Internet access, on- string information or marketing), not all SMEs will unavoidably catch up with large firms, simply because e-commerce may not bring large benefits and SMEs will stay with traditional business processes. Other barriers have been seen to be the availability of ICT competencies within the firm, and availability and cost of appropriate interoperable small-firm schemes, network infrastructure and Internet- think support services. Lack of reliable trust and redre ss systems and cross-country wakeless and regulatory differences besides impede cross-border transactions.2. Why Have So Few SMEs Adopted ICT in Sierra Leone?Given the benefits that ICT rouse bring to SMEs, SMEs in Sierra Leone have been slow to adopt it. For example, 90 percent of SMEs until now use basic communication technology such as fixed phone line and fax, and approximately 10% percent use CRM software. Meanwhile, their counterparts in developed countries are using advanced ITs. One cause of limited adoption is the lack of energy between ICT firms and SMEs outside of the ICT sector. ICT firms have not provided goods and services tailored to SMEs in the past because demand from SMEs has been low. However, their demand is low in part because ICT products available in the market are too complex and expensive. The result is a vicious cycle of limited supply and limited demand that ultimately excludes SMEs from the benefits of ICT. Other factors also contribute to the limite d supply and demand of ICT for SMEsSupply Side1. Poor communications infrastructure results in limited access and highschooler costs.Sierra Leone have little communications infrastructure. Outdated equipment and state-owned monopolies practically result in expensive charges and limited coverage, especially in rural areas. This discourages SMEs from adopting even the basic ICT of fixed lines or expeditious phones.2. Most advanced ICT products are designed for larger firms and not SMEs.ICT firms used to target large enterprises because they had a larger budget and were willing to pay for more complex ICT services. Their products are often too expensive and too complex for SME users. However, competition in this market is making firms both large and small turn their attention towards the untapped SME market. Rosetta, for example, is pushing to capture SME customers by lowering prices by 50 percent and increasing awareness.Demand Side1. Limited ICT literacy of SME owners hinders t heir ability to opt the appropriate technology and understand the concrete benefits it passel bring to their business. Many SME owners in Sierra Leone are unfamiliar with operating a computer, are wondering(a) of the concrete benefits to its core business, and have the stereotype that ICT is only for larger companies. Even if they have the will and financial resources to integrate ICT into their core business, SME owners are often at a loss when needing to choose the most appropriate and cost-efficient product.2. Limited ICT literacy of employees in SMEs hinders ICT adoption. Even if SME owners have a strategic understanding of why they should adopt ICT, their staff is often untrained. Training costs both time and money resources that SMEs usually lack.3. Adopting ICT is an adaptive challenge, not a technical challenge. Adopting ICT is a difficult lying-in for companies of all sizes, whether they are in developed or developing countries. In fact, a lot of management literature focuses on the organizational changes that firms must go through in order to effectively adopt ICT because they change the way firms do business. While the changes may be beneficial in the long run, they often hurt one department and strengthen another. For example, Zhang Hongwei, senior consultant with DLong International strategical Investment, comments that in order to make ERPs cost-saving and efficiency-building features work, managers must be willing to take measures that can be anathema in the state-owned sector, such as selling businesses, laying off workers, and changing longstanding vendor relationships. All of this can be tough to do. Thus, SME owners are often reluctant to bring their firm through a learning curve that may be difficult and costly.4. Lack of finance options limits SME ability to purchase ICT. Lack of financing and appropriate technology is clearly a major handicap to developing country producers and exporters, and it inhibits developing countries from d eriving wide benefits from their trade rights. Rubens Ricupero, Secretary General of UNCTAD, 18 February 2002, GenevaSMEs in Sierra Leone usually have limited ability to make larger investments in their firm due to the lack of financing options. Given the financial squeeze, IT budgets are usually small or nonexistent. In addition, adopting ICT is not a one-time cost because there are ongoing costs of maintenance, upgrading, and human capacity building.3. Why Should SMEs Adopt ICT?SMEs are often the main driver for a countrys economic growth. However, as the number of SMEs increases, competition increases, which then results in a decrease in prices, customer base, or both. This in turn will erode existing profits, creating less incentive for nation to start SMEs. This dynamic is captured by balancing feedback loops where the greater the number of SMEs, the greater the competition, resulting in a slower rate of growth for SMEs. To counter the increasing competition, firms can lower prices, increase promotion of their product, improve their product, add new distribution channels, and/or improve their internal processes. The challenge is to counter competition when the firm still has the financial resources to do so. Otherwise, once the pressure of competition sufficiently erodes the SMEs profits, it will no longer have resources to counter the competition and will have to expiry the market. Foreign firms in both the import and export markets further add to competitive pressures, especially if they react faster to improve their product, process, promotion, or distribution channels. This is the bother of the Digital Divide. When firms in developed countries adopt ICT, firms in developing countries like Sierra Leone will lose out on the competition. This in turn can slow the growth rate of SMEs and hurt the economy as a whole. ICT can thus play a very important role because it can foster SMEs both create business opportunities and combat pressures from competit ion. Appropriate ICT can help SMEs cut costs by improving their internal processes, improving their product through faster communication with their customers, and better promoting and distributing their products through online presence. In fact, ICT has the potential to improve the core business of SMEs in every step of the business process.In Sierra Leone where SMEs already have basic ICT, adopting more advanced ICT still brings enormous benefits. Advanced communication technologies such as email can help firms communicate faster and cheaper with both its suppliers and clients. In 2000, an organization that uses paper took on average 7.4 days to move a purchase from request to approval, but if done electronically, only took 1.5 days. Advanced ITs such as ERP software can capture cost savings. Beyond cost savings, SCM software can also help increase productivity, efficiency of inventory controls, and increase sales through closer relationships and faster delivery times4. ConclusionI CT has been now boon to every modern system to perform all its operations with computer as the middle principle. The application of ICT in Financial management has also accounted a lot more victory and efficiency in performing various operations related to different activities to commit a financial transaction. So for as the efficiency and effectiveness of ICT is come to it has notably produced better throughputs which were acceptable and reliable. The need of the hour is the plan and develops more security measures to ensure authentic and secure client and server communication.Sierra Leone SMEs in addition to dont having required expertise and knowledge and also lack of familiarity with technology is also beginning to use ICT with face fixed costs very high in comparison to their size, while for large businesses, this is not so. These costs include costs such as creation website, using e-commerce and costs associated with projects of electronic auctions, assay engines and simila r cases. While the costs associated with deploying advanced ICT technologies for industries and big businesses are not very significant. These are issues that a broad group of SMEs doesnt know digital technologies related to their business and their goods and services do not know appropriate for e-commerce (E- business Policy Group 2002).SMEs often have to accept market conditions and they are not in a situation like the big companies that form the market conditions (this issue is concerned follow and leader companies in the market). Moreover, instability (such as financial insecurity in SMEs) and potential risks in e-commerce, many SMEs may be inclined to risk aversion and the choice of conservative policies and in fact they adopt polity of wait and observed in acceptation of digital technology. For many SMEs, there is considerable uncertainty about the opportunities and benefits of ICT adoption, this opportunities for them is still unproven. This problem causes that they are rel uctance to roll in the hay the adoption of new business models and technology. 3. Small and medium companies due to limitations such as low investment, lack of laboratories, capacity less for communicating with and external consultants is liner to experiment with more serious problems for testing new procedures of business. Although financial constraints are the most important limitations but factors such as less time, fewer resources and also imposed to these enterprises. Using modern ICT technology is In fact new ways that SMEs will face a substantial risk. Accordingly, we can say that the use of ICT in enterprises depends on the size of the firm.References1 Aliyu A.A, Tasmin R.B.Hj (2012), The Impact of ICT on Bank Performance and Customer Service Delivery in Banking Industry, International ledgerofLatestTrendsinFinance,Economicsand Science, 2(1) 80-90.2 Adwin A.M, Opkara A, Mike A.O, Francis A.O (2014), The Impact of ICT in The Strategic Management of Financial Institutions, International Review of Management and Business Research, 3(3)1588-16023 Adesola M.A, Moradeyo O.A, Oyeniyi K.O (2013), Impact of ICT on Nigeria Banks Operations A Study of United Banks for Africa (UBA) Plc, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(9) 7-12.5 Ashrafi, Murtuza. M (2008), use of impact of ICT on SMEs in Oman, electronic JournalInformation SystemandEvaluation, 10 125-138.6 Gichoya D (2006), Factors Affecting the Successful Implementation of ICT ProjectsinGovernment, Electronic Journal of EGovernment, 3(4) 175-184.7 Binuyo A.O, Aregbesola R.A (2014), the impact of ICT on Commercial Bank Performance Evidence from South Africa, Problems andPerespectives in Management, 12(3) 59-68.8 Curristine T, Lonti Zsuzsanna, Jaumard I (2007), Improving Public Sector Efficiency Challenges and Opportunities, OECD Journal of Budgeting, 7(1) 1-42.9 Gadamsetty Sai Arun (2013), understandin financial inclusion in India and role of ICT in ICT,InternationalJournal of Innov ativeResearch andDevelopment, 2(12) 198-201.

Professional Discourses in the Nursing Career

Professional Discourses in the Nursing C atomic number 18erDiscourses Communication nomenclatureAbstractThere are discourses in the nursing career that adept must possess in his or her nursing ability. These discourses include communication, medical checkup checkup terminology, enduring care, patient confidentiality, and congruous hygiene. The listed discourses are notwithstanding a broad spectrum of the skills needed in the nursing affair. One has to be a committed undivided who wants to swear out people. He or she behindnot just go through with(predicate) the motions and expect to keep a job, which is why the discourses of the nursing profession are crucial to cognize.Professional Discourses in the Nursing CareerDiscourseOnce a individual becomes adapted to his or her own professional community, he or she has become involved, learned the language, in force(p) the proper mannerisms, and developed a familiarity with the surroundings. In the profession of nursing, a per son must learn every last(predicate) this and more. He or she should become familiar with the medical terminology, recognize the required hygiene, and know how to care for patients in a respect able and caring way. Discourse is principal(prenominal) in every aspect of life, but when it comes to the profession of nursing, knowing the discourse is key for success.Types of DiscourseCommunicationThe nearly important discourse in the profession of nursing is communication. It is crucial to be able to pass by properly with doctors as well as other nurtures it could be the difference among life and death. A way doctors and nurses blow over with severally other is through documenting patient information. A nurse must always remember to read as well as document patient information with every visit. at heart an article out of the Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15-20% of the time working as a nurse is spent documenting patient information (Butler, Hyde, Irving, MacNeela, Scott, Treacy, 2 006). Not only is it important to communicate through patient information, but it is also essential that a nurse understands the terminology used in patient documents.Medical TerminologyThe turn most important discourse in the nursing profession is being able to understand the terminology that is used between the medical staff. Not only the ability to understand, but to also be able to pronounce the complicated oral communication that crowd out be used is also very important. The word hepatocholangitis rear be a very difficult word to say and to understand. A strategy a nurse would use to recognize what the word means is to cut short apart the word into word roots and suffixes.A word root gives the fundamental meaning of the word and a suffix modifies its meaning (Brooks, 2005). The word contains 2 word roots, which are hepat (liver) and cholang (bile duct). The o between the two word roots is called a combining vowel and is used to ease pronunciation (Brooks, 2005). Lastly, t he suffix is itis (inflammation). When jump with the suffix, the term hepatocholangitis is defined as an inflammation of both the liver and the bile ducts (Mosbys Dictionary, 2006).In order for a nurse to distinguish between what the words are as well as their meanings is to understand the meanings behind the words that are used within the medical language. If the terminology used within the medical field is understood completely, then it is easier to communicate with other medical staff and more importantly, the patients.Patient CareHow to talk to patients as well as luck patients understand how to comprehend what may be wrong with them is important in the medical field. Doctors tend to give the specific terminology that many patients do not understand, whereas nurses are the ones who explain what the doctor has said in simpler terms. Another discourse that can be included in the nursing profession is the ability to communicate with patients directly and to comfort patients as we ll as their family and friends.Nurses must be alert and quick to respond because they are usually the first people in a patients room. According to Tarlier (2004), building responsive relationships with patients will gain the respect, give and mutuality from the patient. This can provide the framework of caring relationships between nurses and patients. If a nurse is alert and able to communicate with patients on a level that they understand, then that nurse has become more than just a nurse he or she has become a person with morals.Tarlier states for each one to take on the needs, wishes, desires of others and dress them into his goal is the beginning of ethical (p. 233). To be able to put aside the needs or wants of oneself can be a hard thing to do for some people. To be a nurse, a person has to be willing to care for a patient not to follow the rules, but by explaining things, making small talk with them, being responsive, and to be their friend.The lovable of trust a patien t has towards a nurse can alter that patients attitude towards that hospital, which is why gaining the trust of patients is key. It all starts with patient confidentiality and if patients can actually trust the hospital with their most individual(prenominal) information, they will have more confidence in their nurses as well as their doctors.Patient ConfidentialityA nurse has to make sure that patient documents do not fall into the wrong hands. The misplacement of one chart could cost not only the trust of the patient and the patients family, but the hospitals reputation as well as thousands of dollars. There are certain regulations that control what can be dual-lane outside of the patients room. A person must value the desires of patients who do not want certain information shared unless it is information that would put others at risk of serious harm or death (Beech, 2007).Patient confidentiality is an important discourse in the profession of nursing because of the personal infor mation that is shared between a patient and his or her nurse. Patient confidentiality is important in all health care facilities and a nurse should know the proper ways in how everything is documented as well as who is authorized to view those documents. Not only should a nurse know the arrogate ways of where to put documented information, but a nurse should also be familiar with the hygiene required in heath care facilities. straight-laced HygieneHospital acquired infections are some of the leading causes of illnesses in todays world. It is important to know the proper hygiene in caring for patients. bacteria such as Staphylococcal aureus, commonly know as Staph infections, can by transmitted very easily from direct contact. Staph infections are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. A new known super bug, called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureaus), has been known to take more American lives each year than the AIDS virus that is 19,000 people each year (B loice, Hallinan, 2007).The most important aspect when it comes to proper hygiene is hand swoshing. It is crucial for nurses to wash their hands each time they enter and exit a patients room. Hand washing is the best habit a nurse can get into. It is one of the many helpful routines in preventing the spread of MRSA (McDonnell, 2007). There are also many other helpful ideas when it comes to the prevention of spreading infection. These ideas need to be known by nurses everywhere no matter if they are working in a hospital, nursing home, or even in schools.InterviewPrioritizeIn an interview with a registered nurse, Jacklyn Brambrink was able to give some useful information about what she thinks is the most important discourse out of the ones that have been discussed. She believes that communication is the most important because in order to do anything in the nursing career, a person has to be able to communicate with the staff as well as the patients no matter what.She also believes th at a nurse must be able to prioritize as well as be able to make judgment calls when it comes to tough situations (personal communication, February 13, 2008). There are everyday jobs a nurse has to know how to do. When Jaclyn made the point about prioritizing, she really stressed the idea. It is key for a nurse to know when a job needs to be done and when a different job is not as critical. beneficial like communication, it could be the difference between life and death.ConclusionThere is much more to the profession of nursing than to just be able to communicate, know the terminology, and know the proper ways in preventing the spread of infection. The discourses that have been listed are the basis of being successful in the profession of nursing, but there is much more to know. Just knowing these discourses is not going to help a person get through nursing school. A nurse has to be dedicated and has to be willing to learn new things.New discoveries are being found almost every day in the medical field and a nurse has to be eager to want to continue his or her education throughout his or her entire nursing career. A nursing student should be aware of all this information and more, so they know what to expect. By going through the motions will not work in the nursing profession. If a committed, caring and knowledgeable individual wants to enter the nursing field, he or she has to be prepared for all of the challenges that medical professionals face every day. Once that person is ready and aware of those challenges, he or she will make a great nurse.ReferencesBeech M. Confidentiality in heath care conflicting legal and ethical issues. Nursing Standard. 20072142-46.Bloice C, Hallinan C. The grant of Germ Welfare. Registered Nurse. 2007103(9)12-13.Brooks ML. Exploring Meidcal Language. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO Mosby 2005.Butler M, Irving K, Hyde A, MacNeela P, Scott A, Treacy M. Discursive practices in the documentation of patient assessments. Journal of Advanced Nu rsing. 200653(2) 151-159.McDonnell P. Dont forget to wash your hands. Ophthalmology Times. September 15, 200732(18)4.

Child Observation: Language Learning and Development Essay -- Theory o

Initial Observation The child I observed for this project was Reza. Reza was three years and ten months old when I observed him and took the quarrel sample. Reza has an older brother. Reza attends Martin Luther King Dayc atomic number 18 and is on his churchs soccer league. I met Reza two times prior to taking a language sample. We met at a gym the first time. Reza was a little shy, but it did not last but about ten minutes. His mom instructed him to stay with me while she had her workout. We discussed fishing, hunting, and a game on his mothers phone. I stayed with him about 45 minutes in the gym, and visited about 15 more outside. I had my dog with me, and I let her play with him, which he seemed thrilled with. The next time I saw Reza, he was at his mothers veterinarian clinic. He remembered me, and ask no prompts to engage in conversation with me. He was happy to see my dog again, and gave her hugs and words of encouragement. Reza has a very outgoing personality, an d was very happy to intercourse with me both times. After two visits, I felt we had built a sufficient rapport, I made arrangements to meet with him to obtain the language sample. Rezas parents are both very active in engaging him with other children his age. They spend family time together, and they both value education. Student-Child interaction When I met Reza for the first time, he was with his mother, at the gym. His mother asked him to keep me company, and after a very short period of time, he began sharing stories about his day with me. After a while, Reza decided he needed to work out like his mom. He ran laps through the gym for me to observe. After the gym we talked outside, where Reza used a stick to fish a opus of debris out of a hol... ... said, looking for un staven meanings. Reza occasionally used words that surprised me. It wasnt so surprising that he said them, but it was that he understood what they meant. An example is when he used the word throttle. I asked him what it was, and he explained it simply, but correctly. He had no problem conveying his meaning when he spoke with me. He recognized not only simple objects, but more complex objects. Works CitedChomsky, N. (1965) The Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (pp 25) The MIT Press Cambridge, MA. Piaget, J. (2000) An Introduction to Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky (Carol Garhart Mooney) Redleaf Press St. Paul, Mn.Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between Learning and Development (pp. 79-91). In Mind in Society. (Trans. M. Cole). Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.http//www.asha.org/public/speech/development/Pragmatics

conflict in finding forrester :: essays research papers

In the film Finding Forrester, their was a big conflict between Jamal and Mr. Crawford. Mr. Crawford and Jamal had their difference though out the film. Their were tons of problems that Mr. Crawford had against Jamal. The conflicts were based Jamal race, and his intelligence.First, their was a big conflict inside the class room. Mr. Crawford was asking one of the students a question, and Jamal jumped in the conversation. Jamal was trying to help him out, so he told the boy to say his name, which was the answer to his question. Mr. Crawford was very angry. Mr. Crawford then tried to preach to Jamal by quoted some sayings. Mr. Crawford never got a chance to finish his sentence, because Jamal would finish them. Mr. Crawford then got mad. He then ordered Jamal to leave the class because he was embarrassed. The second conflict between Jamal and Mr. Crawford was when Mr. Crawford didnt believe that Jamal wrote a paper that he was assigned to pull through . Mr. Crawford told Jamal that he would have to write the whole paper over in his office. Even though Jamal was trying to convince Mr. Crawford that it was his paper, Mr. Crawford still didnt believe him. Jamal did the render anyway.The last conflict between Jamal and Mr. Crawford was when Mr. Crawford found out that Jamal had used William Forrester topic to his essay. Mr. Crawford then told Jamal that he had to write an apology letter and read it in foregoing of the class. He also told him that he could just tell him if William Forrester gave him permission to use his title. Jamal refuse to tell them that he knew William, he also refuse to write the letter and read it out loud. Jamal told William about the two option that he was given and asked for his advice. William told him that he should apologize, but Jamal refused. Jamal then told William that he should come to the school and tell Mr. Crawford, William refused. Jamal told William that they had be to kick him out of school. William decided to show up to Jamal school. He read an essay that Jamal wrote. Mr. Crawford thought it was Williams writings, and begun to tell him how great the paper was. William then told Mr. Crawford that the paper was Jamal.